ROLE OF SOCIAL STUDIES TEACHER

The teacher in any educational process occupies a key position. He is the key to success and failure of entire educational process. Educational aims at developing desired behaviors among the students this aim is achieved by teacher’s human touch and effective interaction with the students.

SPECIAL QUALITIES OF SOCIAL STUDIES TEACHER
He should have an open mind towards other cultures of the world. He should have interest and knowledge in the subject. He should also like his profession. Other qualities which are important for the Social Studied teachers are as follows:
• Art of developing human relations.
• In depth knowledge of the subject.
• Should know to apply the knowledge of the subject in real life?
• A teacher who is well informed and the one who keeps himself up to date with the current events, affairs and happenings.
• A teacher should be a good communicator.
• He should be a widely traveled person.
• He should be a resourceful and creative person, and full of new ideas.
• Well experienced person with exposure is various cultures, traditions, tradition, customs, and different countries.
• He should be interested in traveling, should have interest in other, cultures.
• She should have high moral standards.
• He should be skilled to use technology.

SOCIAL STUDIES TEXT TEXTBOOKS:

Characteristics of good social studies textbooks
1) A good Social Studies book should be child centered.
2) It should contain valid information and should explain the content well.
3) It should be interesting for the students.
4) It should use suitable language for the age group of the class.
5) It should be written in such a way so the students can do self study.
6) It should contain glossary, exercises, and suggested activities.
7) It should have colourful pictures and diagrams to illustrate new concepts.
8) Paper quality and binding should be also sturdy and longlasting.

Evaluation of social studies text book of std 8$9.
1) Author- Information about the writer.
2) Publisher or publications
3) External format- Inner layout, printing quality, diagrams, pictures, graphs, illustrations, no. of pages, etc…
4) Organization of the book.
5) Presentation, style, language, vocabulary, clarity of language, etc….

Unit analysis in social studies:
1) We must find out whether the book is divided the lessons according to units or not.
2) Teaching according to units is better to create better understanding of the whole topic.

Using current events on social studies:
1) It is very essential to include current events in Social Studies teaching.
2) This makes the teaching of Social Studies more relevant and effective, students can learn make connection with the theory and the actual life situation.
3) It makes the students aware about current happenings in our country and in the world. It creates interesting study.

CO-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES:

1) Field trips to places: Field trips are enjoyable; children love to visit different places. It gives them firsthand information. Mostly every city has a Museum that can provide, interesting, ideas. It can be a joyful experience. Visit to planetarium as a very educate experience. Visits to exhibitions can be arranged by schools; they are very useful tool for teaching the subject. Field trips can also be organized to other institutions; that can give them interesting experiences.

2) Arranging exhibition in schools: Students work, projects, charts, models, booklets, reports can be displayed in the school and the students can explain their projects orally. This activity can really create lot of interest and also it develops creativity.

3) Display of bulletin boards: School boards can have displays of photographs and information from newspaper magazines charts, graphs, maps mode by students. It can also display students’ class work, current events, photos etc….

4) Watching videos and T.V. programmes, on the topics related to social studies: The teacher can record interesting programmes from T.V. shows. Now days there are many ready made CDs available on various topics of Social Studies. The teacher can also prepare PPT s for the lessons he is teaching- that can help to clarify the concepts.

5) Surfing on the internet: Students can find information from internet from internet. They can also find images other related information, data and details to understand the social studies concepts, issues, events etc…

SOCIAL STUDIES CLUB:
Social study club is an organization, where activities related to social studies can be carried on in the school premises. Social Studies teacher can prepare a constitution with the students of the school and different students can take up different portfolio to manage the club and they can learn many interesting things.

• The members can decide an attractive name for the club
• The members of the club also plan out activities which they want to do during the whole year
• The club can form its objectives. They can be like
• Creating interest in the subject
• Developing creativity and social skills among students
• To develop patriotism and unity among students
• To cultivate hobby of collection stamps, coins, flags, Interesting, information from different cultures
• To learn about different countries their cultures and people
• To develop social interaction among the students
These activities can also provide opportunities to the students to communicate with the community members as well as among students themselves and teachers.

ACTIVITIES OF THE CLUB:
1) Youth parliament.
2) Three plantation- Environmental awareness.
3) Dramatics.
4) Exhibitions, surveys, social services.
5) Guest lectures.
6) Field trips to mecums, historical, sites, planetariums etc….
7) Quiz debates, seminars, workshops, competitions etc….

ROLE OF SOCIAL STUDIES TEACHER, SOCIAL STUDIES TEXTBOOKS AND COCURRICULAR ACTIVITIES

Children cannot learn content and content related skills without valid source of information. Information sources for the social studies can be grouped into two categories.
1) Reading materials and resources. Textbooks encyclopedias, references, compilers, magazine, pamphlets, newspaper clippings, periodicals, brochures.
2) Non reading materials and resources. Pictures films, filmstrips recordings, field trips, maps, globs and community resources. The chosen material should be such that will help the teacher to achieve those learning objectives. After selection the textbooks she should find appropriate teaching aids. Why?

a) Because all the children don’t learn in some way.
b) Children learning range differs.
c) Each media has strength and limitations. Instructional material needs to be evaluated carefully before during, and after they have used. It is not a good policy to use any and materials simply because they are available. The quality of the material or resource should be primary consideration in deciding its use. Maps, that are out of date, films that are of poor quality, pictures that are inaccurate, or field trips that are poorly guided, it is better to not to use such material.
d) More than one media helps in motivating and creating interest in the subject.
e) Different sources provide different insights so all possible medias should be used.

1) Authorship of the Textbook: It should ensure scholarly accuracy. It should appeal to the students’ it should consider its standard and should keep reading level of the students in mind. It should keep the syllabus in mind.
2) Treatment of content: It should have adequate subject matter which should be selected from a broad range of sources like history, geography, civics, political science and economics etc. and other social sciences. It should provide global platform.
3) Formal and general appearance of the textbook: To ensure an interesting and appealing look the book should be of proper size .with good quality binding. Illustrations should be simple not too complicated.
4) Organization of the textbook: It should meet the existing curricular pattern and see that it meets the needs of students. The organization of the book should encourage students to study.
5) Visual materials: Colorful accurate illustrations of sufficient number and size should be used. Visual material should be useful to enhance learning. Not just to add the attractiveness of the book?
6) Textbook as an Instructional aid: It should become a useful teaching aid to the teachers which can provide them the basic knowledge about the syllabus of the class.
7) Literary quality of the textbook: It should have consistent writing simple but proper language should be used.

USIING CURRENT EVENTS AND CURRENT AFFAIRS IN SOCIAL STUDY:

Instruction
The most common method of including current affairs is,
1) Teaching current affairs in addition to social study.
2) Using current to supplement or reinforce the Social Studies programme.
3) Using currents affair as the as the basic for social units.
4) Using current affairs in addition to Social Studies textbook.
The teacher can spend a few minutes each morning for the discussion of important news stories. Encourage the children to bring news clipping from newspapers, magazines etc. which are related to classroom work and the teacher helps to interpret these stories. This way the students can understand the current events and local issues in much better way.
This will also help to form the habit of news paper reading when they become adult citizens.

Methods of teaching, its characteristics, merits, application

1 LECTURE METHOD is the oldest procedure of teaching. It is widely used in schools and colleges. It is a good method its cover a wide topic at heights level of college or secondary schools and higher secondary classes but its success depends on the personality and ability of students.

WHY THIS METHOD SHOULD BE USED?
1 To motivate students.
2 To give an overview of a large topic.
To add supplement the students reading.
To make an importance matters understanding.
To provide background of a topic or to introduce the topic
To help the students to use their time wisely
To explain the major concepts of a lesson
To develop reasoning skill of students
To have a classroom discussion

MERITS OF THE METHOD: To establishes face to face contact. It develops attention span. Students develop listening and note taking skills.
Students can prepare the notes. It is easy method for new teachers.

DEMERITS OF THE METHOD: It is a teacher centered method not very good for SS. It is a monotonous tiring and sometimes it becomes a boring method. It brings a lot of burden and reading to the teacher.
It is not an interactive method.


DISCUSSION METHOD: The word discussion means exchanging views and debate. Here the discussion can be among the group of students as a whole group.

WHERE AND WHEN CAN YOU USE DISCUSSION METHOD?
1 the teacher of S.S. can use this method when he is using a project method.
2 when he has to share information and ideas from a large group.
3 when one needs to solve a problem, or do thinking and analytical activity in the class.
4 when one obtain information and ideas from a large group of students.
5 when one needs to check or evaluate students’ progress.

FORMS OF DISCUSSION: Formal, debate, classroom, informal, panel, symposium.

THE PROCESS OF DISCUSSION:
The process can be different depending upon the type of discussion.
1 the ideas are initiated by the teacher than there is exchange of ideas opinions observations comments etc
2 this is a co-operative learning.

STEPS OF DISCUSSION
1 Preparation:
To make discussion a success the teacher as well as the student must make a careful preparation. The teacher should do in depth reading of the topic. She should do critical reading, should understand the arguments well and know the gist of the lesson.

CONDUCTING DISCUSSION:
In this stage the teacher initiates the discussion. He controls process and keeps the students disciplined and keeps the discussion under control or on the right tract.

MARITS OF DISCUSSION METHOD:
• It is based of differences.
• It emphasizes independent study.
• It develops reasoning.
• It develops study habits.
• It is activity oriented.
• It teaches how to study purposefully.
• It helps the teacher to find leadership quality among students.
• It helps in clarifying ideas, issues etc.
• It creates better understanding of the topic, issues, events, ideas or concepts.

DEMARITS OF DISCUSSION METHOD
• It is time consuming method.
• It needs some training and average teacher can not
• Why students do not benefit from this activity.
• Sometimes only a few students dominate.
• There can be some necessary argument and can lead to some major problems.

EXCURSION METHOD
The word ‘excursion’ means a journey, trip, tour planned for social studies students in which the students actually visit places or site and has the first hand experience which excursion results in easy, interesting and effective learning.

It provides ample opportunities to student for ‘seeing’ ‘hearing’ examining, gathering data, and asking questions, such excursion are most conducive to learning.

PROSSES OF ORGENISING EXCURSION

1. Decides the get information and details of the site you plan to visit and think of objective for organizing this trip.
2. Take principal’s permission, take parents’ permission and get an ok from the place you are going to visit
3. Orient the student about the trip, give them the details, give them a list of the thing you need to bring
4. Conduct the trip take chaperone with you. Guide the students at the place. Then ask the student to write a report about their report.

EXAMPLES OF EXCURSION FOR STUDENTS OF GUJARAT OR INDIA
• River Tapi, river Narmada ,Sardar Sarover , some Dame Site, Sea Shores, bird sanctuary, Gir lion sanctuary.
• Cultural Heritage sites, Champaner, Ahmedabad. Dwarka temple, M. Abu Dera.
• Industrial sites – power stations, manufacturing industrial site, Fertilizer, food packing.

MERITS:
* First hand expose.
* Brings reality in teaching.
* Gives concrete experience.

DEMERIT:
• Time consuming.
• It is not applicable to all the students of the students.
• It is expensive.

ROLE PLAY AND DRAMATIZATION METHOD:
Role playing, socio drama or creative dramas are used to present a specific situation for study and discussion. There is no prepared script. It is unrehearsed, speaking parts are not memorized and minimum properties are used.
Role play is a way of bringing situation from real life into the classroom.
A role in other words, they pretend to be different person.
A situation they pretend to be doing something different both a role $ a situation.
In role play, students improvise the situation is fixed but they make up the exact as they go.

ROLE PLAYS ARE USE TO TEACH
to clarify social values.
to focus attention on a specific central ideas.
to extend vocabulary.
to gain grater insight into the problems of others.
It develops social skills, communication skills and team spirit.
They provide excellent basis for discussion and evaluation.

FOLLOWUP ACTIVITIES AFTER THE ROLE PLAY
Role Play should be followed by discussion about the theme of the role play.
Students can be interviewed about their role.
The audience can say about each role. They can also do the role play by other group of students.

PROJECT METHOD:
STEPS OF PROJECT METHOD:
Project method is a direct outcome of pragmatism, especially of John Dewey’s educational philosophy. Pragmatism believes in reality. It is scientific and empirical. It is based on the principle of learning by doing.
Being influenced by John Dewey, Kilpatrick tried to give project method in 1918. This method is democratic in nature and it emphasizes social skills and team work.

WHAT IS A PROJECT METHOD?
It is a progressive approach of teaching. It is a purposeful act it provides the learner with learning experiences.
Here the teacher acts like a guide assigns the projects to groups of students.’
Each group works on different topics or problems. They work together to prepare the project.
The students work together as a team, they learn by discussing, reading, and exchanging ideas. Then they take the help of a teacher wherever they difficulties or have questions.
The project method covers the content of many different subjects and the teacher tries to integrate the information to the main topic.
This method gives complete freedom and choice to students.

ADVANTAGES OF PROJECT METHOD:
It gives freedom and creativity.
Here the teacher and students both grow.
Students can link the subject to real life.
It motivates students.

DISADVANTAGES OF PROJECT METHOD:
It is expensive method.
It is time consuming.
It needs lots of resources.
Some projects cannot be done at school.

SOURCE METHOD:
There are three types of sources in this method.
1 Material resource: Ideas, machines, weapons etc…..
2 Oral resources: Songs, folk stories, traditions, customs etc...
3 Written and printed resources: Records, reports, letters etc….

Source method is an activity oriented method. It is generally used in social studies subject also.
Generally sources mean a person, books or document or picture or actual objects that can provide information for learning. It is learning directly from the actual sources for examples for social studies they can be- A contract with the bank – or studying the sample of stone collected from the moon or an object found from any ancient place can also be studied. One can also take students to museums to find the objects to study.

STEPS FOLLOWED TO USE SOURCE METHOD:

1 Demonstration or presentation by the teacher.
2 Locate related reading material and assign reading to the study.
3 Problem solving by students; with group discussion among the students.

ADVANTAGES OF SOURCES METHOD:
It provides direct, first hand experience.
It develops a sense of reality
It creates motivating and interesting ambience in the class.
It develops skill of data collection, thinking skill and observation skill.
It makes the subject meaningful.

USE OF CURRENT EVENTS IN SOCIAL STUDIES:
It is very important to have a quality current event programme in school. There are many things happening around the world. In addition to that issues and events which the student need to understand especially in the world around them.

There are three approaches to teach current events.
1 A separate subject approach.
2 current events only based on the curriculum taught at school.
3 separate units selected by the teacher.

TOPICS SELECTED FOR CURRENT EVENTS:
• Earthquake
• Cyclone
• Hurricane
• Excessive Rainfall
• Population problem
• Pollution problem
• Unemployment
• Economic development
• Market trend and share
• Price- rise
• Strikes
• Election
• Government
• War issues
• Trends in the economic
• New initiative taken by N.G.O.
• Majority opinion
• International issues

TECHNOLOGY ASSISTED LEARNING:
Any large learning of material can never assure good learning. This can only be achieved when instructional resources are used skillfully and creatively. They should be used for two main reasons.

1 To provide first hand experience with some aspects of the problem under consideration.
2 To add realism and furnish the class with a common background of experience.

• Computer.
• CD ROMs.
• Over heal projects.
• Television.
• Films and filmstrips.
• Video tapes.
• Internet websites blogs etc.


Internet is a powerful factor in learning since attention is the task, at hand making for interesting achievement.

TEACHING AIDS: Teaching aids are aid to teaching social studies effectively. Teacher has a variety of aids to choose to makes his teaching interesting and effective. It helps in teaching different types of learners (visual, auditory, kinesthetic and tactile)

Printed aids: Books, news papers, periodicals

Visual aids: Slides, charts, diagrams, film strips, sketches- models, transparency graphs and charts pictorial material, globes, maps, exhibitions, museums- bulletin boards, excursion.

Audio- visual aids: Motion pictures, television, dramatization, role play.
Why are they important in teaching?
Audio aids, Tapes, CDs, phonographs discs, radio.

EVELUATION:
TYPES OF EVALUATION:

Formative evaluation,
Evaluation done prior to any program,
Objective, Evaluation includes objective types of tests.
Subjective evaluation test items are mostly descriptive.

Summative evaluation

“According to NCERT Evaluation is the process of determining the extent to which an objective is being attained, the effectiveness of the learning experiences provided in the class room and how well the goals of education have been accomplished”.

PURPOSE OF EVALUATION PROGRAMME:

STEPS IN EVALUATION:
Objective
Learning experience
Evaluation techniques

1) Grading students.
2) Maintaining standards.
3) To check effectiveness of the school progrmme and the teacher’s performance.
4) To give appropriate guidance to students’.
5) To motivate students.
6) To improve teaching programme.
7) To modify curriculum.
8) To modify teaching methods.

Unit – 1 CONCEPT OF SOCIAL STUDIES, LESSON PLANNING AND EVALUTION

1. What are social studies?
   
   Social studies deal with the study of man and his relationship with other men and with the environment. They call upon many fields of knowledge for subject matter content.
   Social studies concern itself with human beings, those most fascinating of all creatures who, in a variety of ingenious ways, can device means of meeting their basic needs and developing a social system in a wide range of different environment.
   Social science has traditionally been regarded as the parent discipline of social studies. Instruction in social studies is drawn from the following disciplines.
   
   Social study is the study of man and his relationship with his social and physical environments.
   

• Geography
• History
• Social psychology
• Philosophy
• Sociology
• Anthropology
• Political science
• Economics

These disciplines acquaint the child with his social and physical environments, and have a unique responsibility to help the child learn those understandings, attitudes, and skills which are necessary for democratic citizenship. Social studies make an important contribution to the social education of children. They have fact; a special responsibility to assist children to learn social living skills- Examples will be given.

SCOPE OF SOCIAL STUDIES:
The scope of social studies includes the content, subject matter or the experience that are to be provided to the learner through the teaching of this subject.
The scope of social studies is vast as it includes a variety of man’s needs and problems. It has a very wide scope.
The National Council for Social Science. (NCSS- USA) 1994 include the following in the scope of Social Science.

1. CULTURE: Characteristics of the cultures found in the world are studied and children are taught the similarities of the cultures and appreciation of those different cultures are done in this course.
2. TIME, CONTINUETY AND CHANGE: Change is an important factor in social studies when and how are the three questions answered by social science. What was man in the past, how he has learnt different things, what his achievements are and how he has reached at this stage? All these questions are answered through this subject.
3. PEOPLE, PLACES AND ENVIRONMENT: People living in different parts of the world face different environmental and geographical problems relating to their physical and geographical conditions. Environment has an effect on people and places. What are those influences? How do people get affected? What are their life styles?
4. DEVELOPING RESPONCIBLE CITIZENS: Developing them as responsible and accountable citizens, who will be informed and educated citizen of the country, who will be aware about their rights and duties?
5. INDIVIDUAL GROUP AND ORGANIZATION: Individual is definitely influenced by the various groups and organizations which are present in the society. So it includes study of all the institutions and organizations of the society.
6. POWER, AUTHIRITY AND GOVERNMENT: It includes the types of government the, rights and duties of citizens. It also includes the study of state’s powers and authorities as well as how the state protects their citizens.
7. PRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION AND CONSUMPTION: Here social studies take assistance of economics in studying the production, distribution and consumption of resources and their influence on human behavior and national growth.
8. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Society is definitely influenced by the development in science and technology and it contributes to the economy of the nation so social studies include the study of science and technology and their influence on human life.
9. GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENT: People are dependent on other countries for their daily needs. Countries have interdependence in the field of trade, commerce, transportation, communication and research so Social Science also includes the study of world’s interdependence.
10. DEMOCRATIC IDEALS AND PRACTICES: Social Studies aim at producing responsible productive citizens of the world by stressing on universal citizenship and global citizenship concepts.
11. CURRENT TRANDS AND CURRENT ISSUES IN THE WORLD: Social Studies include the study of current events in the community states and countries as well as the world so the citizens can become aware about world affairs and new developments, which can help them to become aware citizens who can participate in the societal enlistment.

AIMS, OBJECTIVES OF TEACHING SOCIAL STUDIES:

The major objectives of Social Science education are to help children learn about the social world in which they live and how the world got that way. It should teach them to learn to cope with social realities, and to develop the knowledge attitudes ad skills needed to adjust to the ever changing society and being a world citizen.

There are three basic goals of social studies.

• knowledge and Information goals
• Attitude and value goals
• Skill goals

• KNOLEDGE AND INFORMATION GOALS.
  Knowledge about the world, geography of the world, its people and their cultures. About the community, the home state, neighbouring states, the nation and the other nations of the world. How people live in different parts of the world and how they interact and depend on each other.

1. The legal and political systems of their own nation and the nations of the world similarities and differences.
2. Basic human institutions such as family, educational, religious other economic institutes of international and world organizations.
3. The environment in the world and how people use or misuse the natural resources of their own country and the world at a large. The environmental problems- natural hazards and manmade disasters_ their dangers to the lives of people. Their precautionary measures.
4. The history of home country and the world. Understanding the cultures, values and traditions of the country.
5. The basic structures of the society such as production, transportation, distribution and consumption of goods and services.
6. Government services to protect human and natural resources. Facilities for education, health and recreation.
7. Knowledge about the constitution of the nation, rights and duties of citizens and human rights.
8. World organizations, foreign policies, international relations and present status of India in the world.

• ATTITUDE AND VALUE GOALS:

1. Knowledge the common values of the society as defined by the historical documents of the nation. Laws of the country, religious and cultural heritage of the country.
2. Understanding national values and international values.
3. Developing loyalty and patriotism towards one’s own nation and pride towards ones own culture. Equality, freedom etc….
4. The history of home country and the world understanding the cultures, values.
5. • Developing a sense of respect for ideals of different communities and different cultures.

• SKILL GOALS:

1. SOCIAL SKILLS:
   Living and working together, sharing, caring, taking turns being a leader and a follower, respecting the rights of others, being socially sensitive learn self control and self direction.
2. STUDY SKILLS AND WORK HABBITS
   Using maps, globe, charts, graphs, magazines, reference material etc… Also to learn to find information and to use information appropriately, researching on different topics, collecting information, analyzing information and writing reports.
3. GROUP SKILLS:
   Work as a, member of a team. Taking various roles in small groups, large groups-community etc. Be a leader as well as a follower. Decision making in a group. Cultivating tolerance, team spirit, and developing independent thinking.
4. INTELLECTUAL SKILLS:
   Defining and identifying problems, conducting inquiry, forming and testing hypotheses. Analyzing and interpreting data. Developing thinking skills and critical thinking. Distinguishing between facts and opinions. Inferring cause and effect relationship, reasoning, discussing and decision making.
   So, we can conclude that main aims and objectives of social studies include understanding of human relationships, knowledge of environment, dedication to the basic principles and value of society in which it is taught and commitment to participate in the process through which the society is maintained and improved.
   

IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE IN SCHOOL CURRICULUM:

Curriculum of social science for Secondary Schools:
Social studies call upon many fields of knowledge for matter content. It draws concepts from all the social science relating to the study of human relationships, human institutions customs and behavior.
All early levels the S.S. focus attention upon the development of the individual in his immediate environment. Generally, the area of study is expanded to include human relationships in large local community at the level of world understanding.
Social science makes an important contribution to the social education of children. So the subject S.S. has in fact a special responsibility to assist children to learn social living skills. The importance of S.S. is increasing day by day in this country for all the nations as the world has become a global village.

So the schools have to assume a major responsibility to teach the young people of the nation the fundamental knowledge which contributes to make them responsible citizens.
Increased industrialization, globalization, technological growths have contributed to the high need for advance social science curriculum.
Modernization and development in science and technology, city life dwelling, nuclear families etc…. have created a need to prepare students for living in this modern world. These changes in the pattern of family living have deal directly with the social life of the child and have many implications for S.S. teaching.

• RAPID GROWTH IN COMMUNICATION AND TRANSPORTATION:
  It has created complex problems in human relationship. Now the world has become a global village, so the students need to learn different customs, religious beliefs and traditions values from other countries cultures other than their own.
• VALUES OF DEMOCRATIC LIVING:
  Democracy cannot work well, unless individuals are taught to live in a democratic society. So children can learn and get experience of democratic procedure in the school and get citizenship education. Therefore S.S. is a very important subject in school comities.
• SOCIAL STUDIES AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER SUBJECTS.
  Social studies are a new subject. Many social sciences contribute to the curriculum of social studies. The following subjects contribute to social science’s curriculum.

PHYSICAL SCIENCE AND SOCIAL STUDIES: These sciences are the sciences which studies the physical environment. Physics, chemistry, astronomy etc. are closely related to social studies.
LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL STUDIES: Social Studies are related with language. Language is the medium of teaching and learning. Social studies have many new concepts and terminology which S.S. can teach.
ART AND SOCIAL STUDIES: Cultural heritage are learned in S.S. Art work and other craft etc. can teach about social behavior of people and human relationship.
MATHEMATICS AND SOCIAL STUDIES: Concepts are also studied in S.S. classes. Concept to weight measures, vouchers, pricing, cost, production. Profit, demand, supply interest rate are all studies in both the above sciences.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND SOCIAL STUDIES: The elements of environmental science are related to human life so it becomes important to included topics like global warming, climate change, pollution, manmade because they affect the human life.

This Social Science encompass diverse concern of society and include a wide rang of content drawn from the above mentioned social science.
The major mission of Social Science education is to help children learn about the social world in which they live and to understand hoe the world got that way.

IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL STUDIES IN SCHOOL CURRICULUM

• Developing all round development of students’ personalit
• Developing responsible, productive and aware citizens.
• To develop international understanding.
• To develop national and emotional integration.
• Develop democratic values.
• To have community and national spirit and democratic values.
• To form democratic values healthy habits among students.
• To use their leisure time productively, learn to relax.
• Developing right attitude and social efficiency.
• Creating love for cultural heritage and development of patriotic feelings.
  

MAXIMS OF TEACHING:
The aim of education and teaching is to modify the behaviour of man in such a way that so many become a useful and productive member of society. Therefore effective teaching is required. Teaching can cause learning. It is based on principles of maxims and some psychological principles.
• Principle of motivation.
• Principle of interest.
• Principle of variety.

1) Proceed from known to unknown.
2) Proceed from definite to indefinite.
3) Proceed from complex to abstract.
4) Proceed from simple to complex.
5) Proceed from particular to general.
6) Proceed from whole to part.
7) Proceed from psychological to logical.
8) Proceed from analysis to synthesis.
9) Proceed from near to far.
10) Proceed from empirical to rational.

FOLLOWING THE SEVEN PEDAGOGICAL PRINCIPLES:
1) Principle of selection.
2) Principle of gradation.
3) Principle of linking with life.
4) Principle of activity.
5) Principle of planning.
6) Principle of definite objectives.
7) Principle of democratic.

TERMS:
• Non violence.
• Independence.
• British Rule
• East India Company.
• Bramhosamaj.
• Arya samaj.
• Indian National Congress.
• Civil Disobedient.
• Satyagraha
• Dandi march 12th march 1930
• Latitudes
• Longitudes.
• Altitudes
• Mineral Resources.
• Animal husbandry.
• Plateau.
• Industrial Revolution.
• Natural Hazards
• Climate Change.
• Global warming.
• Wildlife.
• Types of forests.
• Globalization.
• Population.
• Pollution.
• International Understanding.
• Foreign Policy.
• Interdependence.


ACTIVITY LIST:
Map filling activity.
Quiz
Group Discussions
Finding answers for worksheet
Excursions and field trips
Arranging exhibitions
Display and decoration on bulletin boards
Use of news paper,
Discussion on current events.
News reading,
Preparation o News letters
Talks by experts
Debates,
Film shows
Talk by a visitor expert.
Chart making.
Model making
Map drawing.

CONCEPTS OF SOCIAL STUDIES, LESSON PLANNING AND EVALUATION:

Concept, objectives, content organization, teaching aids and reference materials, Evaluation and Blackboard work.

LESSON PLANING:
• A proper planning of lesson is the key to effective teaching. The teacher must know in advance the subject matter and mode of its delivery in the class room.
• This gives the teacher an idea of how to develop the key concepts and how to correlate them to real life solutions and how to conclude the lesson.
• Lesson planning is also essential because effective learning takes place only if the subject matter is presented in an integrated and correlated manner and is related to pupils’ environment.
• Lesson is like a plan of action implemented try the teacher in the classroom.
• According to G.H. green,” The teacher who has planned his lesson wisely, who has related his topic with real life situations and is able to teach the class without any anxiety, ready to embark with confidence, upon a job he understands and prepared to carry it to a warrantable conclusion.
• He has foreseen the difficulties that are likely to arise, and prepared himself to deal with them.
• He knows the aims that his lesson is intended and he will he able to estimate the value of his work as lesson proceeds:

ADVANTAGES OF LESSON PLANNING:
• Lesson Planning makes the work regular, organized and more systematic.
• It helps the teacher to be confident about teaching his lesson.
• It makes the teacher conscious of the aims which make him conscious of attitudes he wants to develop in his students.
• It saves a lot of time.
• It helps the teacher to correlate, but concepts of the lesson with the pupils’ environment.
• It prepares the teacher to ask pre planned questions.
• It provides more freedom in teaching.
• The teacher will have time to prepare or collect the teaching aid her lesson.

STEPS OF LESSON PLANING:

• Introduction.
• Presentation
• Association.
• Generalization.
• Application
• Recapitulation


FEATURES OF LESSON PLANNING:
OBJECTIVES: All the objectives that are intended to be fulfilled should be listed.

CONTENT: Is the subject matter that is intended to teach in that particular class. It has to interesting and it should be related to pupils’ previous knowledge? It should be related to daily life situation.
METHOD: The most appropriate method chosen by the teacher to teach that particular lesson. Suitable teaching aids must also prepare some supplementary aids to make this lesson more effective.

EVALUATION: It is to find out if the objectives of the lesson is achieved or not. The aim of the lesson is fulfilled or not. Evaluation helps the teacher to find the students’ understanding of the topics taught and to plan for remediation.

INTRODUCTION: It pertains to preparing and innovating children to the lesson content by linking it to the previous knowledge of the student, by arousing curiosity of the children and making an appeal to their senses. This prepares the child’s mind to receive new knowledge. This is an important step but it must be brief some times the curiosity of pupil can be aroused by some experiment, chart, model, story or some useful discussion.

PRESENTATION: It involves the stating of the objectives of lesson and exposure of students to new information. When the actual lesson begins both student and teacher participate. Teacher should make his teaching effective by using different teaching aids. It should ask appropriate questions.

ASSOCIATION: It is always desirable that new ideas or knowledge be associated to the daily life situation by citing suitable examples by drawing comparisons with the related concepts. This step is very important for establishing principles.

GENERALIZATION: Generally in lessons learning material leads to certain generalization leading to establishment of certain formulas principles or laws. An effort be made that students draw the conclusions themselves.

APPLICATION: This is the last step here the knowledge which is gained by the students can be applied in the real life situations. The student make generalization and learn to apply them to similar other situations. It is a formula or any particular finding them it is used in Gujarat and why cause and effect relationship can be found similar situations.

RECAPTITULATION: Last step of the lesson plan here the teacher tries, to ascertain whether his students have understood and grasped the subject matter or not. The teacher assesses the effectiveness of his lesson by asking questions to the students to label some unlabeled things.

BLACKBOARD WORK: When the teacher has taught the whole of the lesson he should write important substance on the board. He can also draw certain charts and maps on the black board.

MARKS OF A GOOD LESSON PLAN:
1 A good lesson plan should be properly written
2 It should clearly state its objectives clearly
3 It should relate to previous work.
4 It should contain well selected learning activities.
5 The plan should indicate teaching technique to be used.
6 It should have a summary of a whole lesson plan.
7 It should give details of collateral readings.
8 It should indicate total time to be spent over the lesson.
9 It should be planned clearly and carefully.